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Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:

Coherent transmission represents a massive leap in optical technology, moving beyond simple "on-off keying" (Intensity Modulation) to more complex modulation formats like QPSK or 16-QAM. A fundamental requirement of a coherent receiver is the ability to recover and track thecarrier phase informationof the incoming signal. This is achieved by using aLocal Oscillator (LO)laser at the receiver that interferes with the incoming signal, allowing the receiver to extract phase and polarization data.

Unlike legacy 10G direct-detection systems, coherent systems (like Nokia’s PSE-V engine) performDigital Signal Processing (DSP)to electronically compensate for impairments. This makesOption D false, as physical Dispersion Compensation Modules (DCMs) are actually detrimental and usually removed in coherent networks.Option Bis incorrect as coherent transmission is designed for Single-Mode Fiber (SMF).Option Crefers to Flex-grid technology; while coherent signals often use Flex-grid, thedefiningcharacteristic of coherent technology is the phase-sensitive detection at the receiver.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:

In theOptical Transport Network (OTN)hierarchy, theODUk (Optical Data Unit of order k)is the fundamental unit for electronic grooming and switching. Unlike the OTUk layer, which is tied to a specific physical optical interface and includes theForward Error Correction (FEC), the ODUk layer is "path-oriented." This means that in a switched WDM system like the Nokia 1830 PSS-24x, the ODUk containers can be switched across a backplane from one line card to another without needing to deconstruct the entire optical signal.

To clarify the other options:Option Ais false because FEC is part of theOTUk(Transport Unit) layer.Option Cis false because ODUk processing is entirelyelectrical(O-E-O must occur to access the ODUk overhead).Option Dis false because theOPU (Optical Payload Unit)is actually the "first" container where the client signal is mapped; the ODUk then wraps around the OPU to add path-level monitoring and maintenance signals. Therefore, the ODUk acts as the "virtual container" that allows the network to manage services end-to-end across multiple optical spans.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:

In the context of theNokia 1830 Engineering and Planning Tool (EPT)—now known asWaveSuite Planner (WS-P)—aDemandis a fundamental planning object that represents the customer’s traffic requirement between two or more nodes. Specifically, it refers toone or more client signalsthat need to be transported across the optical network. When a user defines a demand in EPT, they specify the source and destination nodes, the type of client service (e.g., 10GE, 100GE, or STM-64), the quantity of these services, and the required protection level (e.g., Unprotected, 1+1, or O-SNCP).

The tool uses these defined demands to calculate the most efficient optical path, select the appropriate hardware (transponders and muxponders), and determine the necessary wavelength assignments. While a demand eventually results in the creation of optical trails and utilizes network element capacity, the term itself strictly refers to theinput traffic requirementor the client signal(s) that the network is being designed to carry. Without defining demands, the planning tool cannot generate a Bill of Materials (BOM) or perform power balancing simulations, as it wouldn't know the traffic load the physical infrastructure must support.

To get connected to the Nokia Service Platform (NSP) platform, you need a browser and the NSP IP address. Then, you need the credentials to access the web-based interface (WebUI) for the NSP platform. Once you have these, you can access the NSP platform from a web browser.

The third window (1550 nm) is where the attenuation reaches its minimum peak. This is because the materials used in fiber optic cables have minimal absorption in this wavelength range. The first and second windows (850 nm and 1300 nm respectively) have higher attenuation due to the materials used in the fiber optic cables.

The NFM-T network map provides a graphical view of the network with different colors used to represent each node, physical connection, and active alarm. It allows the user to quickly identify any issues in the network and provides context sensitive navigation.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:

While technologies like WSS (Wavelength Selective Switches) and coherent transmission (100G/200G/400G+) significantly improve the efficiency and reach of a network, the most direct way to increase the total transportable volume of services in a mesh topology is toupgrade link capacityorinstall new physical links. In Nokia optical planning, upgrading link capacity typically involves moving from a lower-rate system (like 10G) to a higher-rate system (like 100G or 400G) or increasing the number of available wavelengths by expanding from a 40-channel to an 80-channel or 96-channel C-band system.

Adding new links (new fiber spans) creates more degrees in the mesh, providing more paths for traffic and increasing the overall aggregate bandwidth of the network.Option Arefers to flexibility (ROADM functionality) rather than raw capacity.Option B(PRC) relates to survivability and availability, not capacity expansion. WhileOption C(coherent transmission) is a powerful method for increasing capacity per wavelength, it is not the "only" way, as adding more fiber (spatial multiplexing) or more channels (spectral density) are also primary methods for scaling a mesh network to handle more services.

Node creation, systems validation and system provisioning. The CPB (Commissioning Parameter Builder) application is used to generate commissioning files for a Nokia 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS-1) and can be used to create new nodes, validate the system configuration, and provision the system with the appropriate settings and parameters. Power adjustment and generation of system loss report are not related to CPB.

Different wavelengths propagate at different speeds within the same media and therefore different colors travel in the fiber with different speed. This phenomenon is known as chromatic dispersion and causes light to spread out as it travels through the fiber over distance, leading to signal attenuation and distortion. The fiber attenuation does not introduce inter-channel interference, but it can cause attenuation of the signal. Different channels have different bandwidths, but this does not affect CD performance.

The long-haul WT decoder parameter can be set in the NE parameters when designing a network with EPT. This parameter is used to adjust the sensitivity of the decoder and can help to improve the accuracy of the measurements for long-haul WTs.

The Network Element (NE) parameters in EPT (Element Planning Tool) are used to configure various settings and options for the network elements in the network. The long-haul WT decoder parameter is one such setting that can be configured in the NE parameters section. The user can access the NE parameters by navigating to the NE Parameters menu within the EPT interface. The user can then select the appropriate network element and modify the settings as needed. This information can be found in the Nokia guide for EPT.

According to the Nokia's 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) product documentation, the Optical Protection Switching (OPS) card is equipped in the transponder and is responsible for providing optical channel protection between the transponder and the amplifiers. The OPS card monitors the optical signal and switches to a pre-configured protection path in case of signal degradation or loss.

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) allows transmission systems to transport multiple signals transparently, onto several wavelengths, all together over one single fiber. This allows for increased capacity, as many different signals can be transmitted at the same time and along the same fiber. Other advantages include improved signal integrity and reduced signal attenuation.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:

ThePhotonic Connectivity Tool (PCT)is a specialized utility within the Nokia 1830 PSS ecosystem designed specifically for modern, complex node architectures. As networks evolved towardCDC-F (Colorless, Directionless, Contentionless with Flex-grid), the internal fiber cabling within a single node became significantly more complex, involving numerous connections between WSS modules, Multicast Switches (MCS), and amplifiers.

The PCT is used tovalidate internal fiber connectivity, ensuring that the physical "patching" matches the intended design before service provisioning begins. It leverages the OSRP (Optical Signal Routing Protocol) or specialized control plane mechanisms to verify that light can flow through the internal cross-connects as expected. This tool is essential for reducing human error during the installation of high-degree ROADM sites, where dozens of internal fibers must be correctly mapped to ensure the "Directionless" and "Contentionless" features function without blocking.

A star topology is a network design where all devices are connected to a central hub, which acts as a central point of control and management for the network. This type of topology is commonly used in access networks, where a central node is used to aggregate traffic from multiple users or devices, and then forward it to the core network. This design allows for efficient use of resources and easy management of the network.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:

In aCDC-F (Colorless, Directionless, Contentionless, Flex-grid)architecture, the placement of monitoring points is vital for end-to-end visibility of wavelengths. Nokia's Wavelength Tracker technology relies on these points to detect the unique "keys" or signatures associated with each wavelength. In a CDC-F node, the primary monitoring points are located on theIRDMxx(Intelligent Reconfigurable Demultiplexer/Mux) line interfaces and theCWR(Colorless Wavelength Router)CLS(Colorless) interfaces.

TheIRDMmonitoring points allow the system to verify the power and presence of wavelengths as they enter or leave the fiber spans (degrees). TheCWR CLSmonitoring points are critical because they provide visibility at the "Colorless" add/drop stage. By having monitoring at both locations, theWaveSuite Network Operations Center (WS-NOC)can pinpoint exactly where a signal loss or power degradation is occurring—whether it's in the external fiber plant or within the internal colorless switching fabric of the ROADM. This granular visibility is what allows Nokia's "Power Management" to automate balancing across complex mesh topologies.

A pre-amplifier is an optical amplifier that is used to boost the power of the received optical signal before it is detected by the receiver in an optical communication system. This is done to overcome the loss of power that occurs as the signal travels through the optical fiber and to ensure that the receiver can detect the signal. The pre-amplification stage is typically located close to the receiver in order to minimize the distance that the signal has to travel between the amplifier and the receiver, which helps to reduce the noise and distortion in the signal.