NREMT EMT Dumps

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

In patients with acute abdominal pain, you must first inspect (visualize) for distension, discoloration, or masses before touching. Palpation always begins away from the most painful area. The patient should be in a supine position with knees flexed to relax the abdominal muscles and ease the exam.

Palpating a pulsating mass could rupture an abdominal aortic aneurysm and is contraindicated.

The EMS system is activated when an emergency is recognized by a bystander, patient, or first responder. NREMT describes EMS activation as a sequence that begins with recognizing an emergency and then accessing the system.

Option D (Recognition) is correct because without recognition, no call for help occurs.

Option C (Notification) follows recognition.

Option B (Dispatch) occurs after notification.

Option A (Response) is the physical movement of EMS resources after dispatch.

NREMT emphasizes public education on recognizing emergencies as a key component of effective EMS systems.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

According to Pediatric Basic Life Support (PBLS) guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA), when a child becomes unresponsive due to foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO), the immediate next step is to begin chest compressions. This is done before checking the airway or giving breaths because the airway is presumed obstructed. The compressions may dislodge the object.

After 30 compressions, open the airway and check for visible objects. If none are seen, attempt rescue breaths. This protocol reflects the high risk of complete airway blockage in children with sudden collapse following a choking episode.

NREMT stroke management focuses on rapid identification and time-sensitive intervention, particularly for patients who may be eligible for thrombolytic therapy or endovascular treatment.

Option D (Time of first signs or symptoms) is critical. This determines the patient’s eligibility for treatments such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which must be administered within a defined time window.

Option C (Patient’s denial of a headache) is also important because sudden, severe headache suggests hemorrhagic stroke, whereas its absence may support ischemic stroke. This information helps guide diagnostic urgency and treatment planning.

Option A is not immediately relevant prehospital.

Option B is administrative, not emergent.

Option E does not impact acute stroke management.

NREMT stresses the importance of early notification, accurate time history, and focused neurological reporting to improve stroke outcomes.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Sickle cell crisis (vaso-occlusive crisis) occurs when abnormally shaped red blood cells obstruct blood flow, leading to:

Severe localized or generalized pain (most common symptom)

Often in the back, chest, abdomen, or long bones

Hypoxia may be a contributing factor, but pain is the most reported reason for EMS activation. Cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension are not primary symptoms of sickle cell crisis.

This patient’s presentation is highly suspicious for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). NREMT education emphasizes that epigastric pain, especially in elderly patients, may represent myocardial ischemia. The lack of relief after three doses of nitroglycerin further increases concern for an evolving myocardial infarction.

Option A (Give aspirin) is correct because aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and is a cornerstone of early ACS management. NREMT guidelines recommend administering aspirin as soon as possible unless contraindications exist.

Option B (Apply oxygen) is correct because the patient’s oxygen saturation is 92%, which is below normal. NREMT recommends supplemental oxygen for patients with suspected cardiac ischemia who are hypoxic or in respiratory distress.

Option C may provide comfort but does not address the underlying ischemia.

Option D is incorrect because the patient has already taken the maximum recommended prehospital doses of nitroglycerin.

Option E is outside the EMT scope of practice in many systems and is not a priority EMT intervention.

NREMT emphasizes early aspirin administration, oxygenation, continuous monitoring, and rapid transport for suspected ACS.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Clavicle deformity suggests potential rib or thoracic trauma. Unequal chest rise may indicate a flail segment, pneumothorax, or hemothorax. Subcutaneous emphysema, the presence of air under the skin, is a classic finding in pneumothorax or tracheobronchial injury.

Occipital depression is not chest related; epigastric distension is a GI symptom; and jugular vein distention would suggest tension pneumothorax or cardiac tamponade, which are more advanced complications.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

In infants, improper insertion of an OPA (oropharyngeal airway) can stimulate the vagus nerve, leading to bradycardia or even complete airway obstruction. If cyanosis and bradycardia develop after OPA insertion, immediate removal and resumption of ventilations with a bag-valve mask is critical.

The OPA must be properly sized and inserted only in patients without a gag reflex. Ventilations alone often reverse vagally induced bradycardia.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The patient’s excessively high respiratory rate (RR 50), hypoxia (SpO₂ 89%), and decreased mental status (drowsiness) indicate respiratory failure, which is the inability to maintain oxygenation or ventilation.

Respiratory distress: Increased effort but adequate compensation

Respiratory arrest: Complete absence of breathing

Respiratory alkalosis: Possible early finding, but not a condition diagnosis

This patient is tiring and losing the ability to ventilate effectively — a hallmark of failure.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Perfusion refers to delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues. It depends on three essential components:

Patent airway: Ensures oxygen reaches lungs

Intact microcirculation: Capillary-level exchange must function

Sufficient blood volume: Maintains blood pressure and oxygen transport

Hypoxic drive relates to COPD physiology, not perfusion. High alveolar pressure (like from CPAP) may impede venous return, and a low ventilation-perfusion ratio means poor oxygenation efficiency, which negatively affects perfusion.

Appearance (Skin Color): → 2 points

The neonate is completely pink.

APGAR criteria:

0 = blue/pale

1 = pink body, blue extremities

2 = completely pink

Pulse (Heart Rate): → 2 points

Heart rate is 108/min.

APGAR criteria:

0 = absent

1 = < 100/min

2 = ≥ 100/min

Activity (Muscle Tone): → 1 point

The neonate has some flexion of extremities, but not active motion.

APGAR criteria:

0 = limp

1 = some flexion

2 = active motion

Respirations: → 1 point

Breathing is slow, not strong crying.

APGAR criteria:

0 = absent

1 = slow or irregular respirations

2 = strong cry

Total APGAR Score at 5 Minutes: 6 / 10

Interpretation (NREMT-based):

A score of 6 indicates the newborn requires continued supportive care, such as warming, positioning, stimulation, and close monitoring.

No immediate chest compressions are indicated because the heart rate is >100/min.

Respiratory effort should continue to be assessed closely.

This scoring aligns with NREMT neonatal assessment and APGAR scoring guidelines used for evaluating newborn transition after birth.

When an incident involves multiple agencies with shared responsibility, NREMT teaches that a Unified Command structure is used. This allows police, fire, EMS, and other agencies to work together under a common set of objectives while maintaining their individual authority.

Option C is correct because the defining feature of unified command is multi-agency involvement, not rank or arrival order.

Option A is incorrect because no single agency automatically has authority.

Option B misunderstands unified command, which still functions with coordinated leadership.

Option D is incorrect because EMS does not automatically become part of command.

NREMT emphasizes unified command to improve coordination, communication, and safety during MCIs.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Agonal respirations are not effective breathing and can mimic gasping or snorting. They often occur in cardiac arrest. However, before initiating chest compressions, the EMT must confirm pulselessness by checking a carotid pulse for no more than 10 seconds (AHA 2020 BLS Guidelines).

Only after pulse confirmation (or absence) should compressions begin. Suctioning or ventilating is premature unless a pulse is found.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The patient’s complaint of difficulty breathing is an airway/breathing issue and takes precedence over a controlled extremity bleed. The first action is to administer oxygen and evaluate respiratory effort.

Though reassessing the wound is important, oxygenation is the priority when airway compromise or respiratory distress is present. Tourniquets are for uncontrolled bleeding, which is not the case here.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The symptoms described are classic for a stroke (CVA). Additional hallmark findings include:

Arm drift (motor weakness or hemiparesis)

Facial droop (Cranial nerve VII involvement)

Slurred speech (dysarthria or aphasia)

These form the basis of prehospital stroke assessment tools like FAST:

Face drooping

Arm weakness

Speech difficulty

Time to call 911

Miosis (pupil constriction) and tremors are not associated with stroke in EMS context. Syncope is an isolated event and not a reliable CVA symptom.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

For a conscious adult with complete airway obstruction, abdominal thrusts are typically indicated. However, NREMT guidelines specify that chest thrusts should be used instead for patients who are morbidly obese or pregnant, because abdominal thrusts may be ineffective or unsafe.

Option D is correct because chest thrusts provide effective airway clearance while accommodating body habitus.

Options A and B are inappropriate for a conscious patient.

Option C is incorrect because abdominal thrusts may not be effective in morbidly obese patients.

NREMT stresses modifying airway obstruction techniques based on patient size and condition.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

The patient’s signs—hip pain, deformity, and leg shortening—are consistent with a proximal femur or hip fracture. NREMT trauma care emphasizes immobilization, pain reduction, and prevention of further injury.

Option C (Apply mild traction) is appropriate to reduce muscle spasm and pain when a femur fracture is suspected and no contraindications are present.

Option D (Splint with blankets and pillows) is correct because soft splinting stabilizes the injury and limits movement during transport.

Option A is not required because oxygen saturation is adequate.

Option B is contraindicated because leg elevation may worsen pain or bleeding.

Option E is reserved for unstable pelvic fractures, not isolated hip fractures.

NREMT emphasizes gentle handling, immobilization, and rapid transport for suspected hip fractures.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

For pediatric BLS with two rescuers, current AHA Guidelines (2020) recommend:

Two-thumb encircling hands technique: Most effective for infants; provides consistent depth and control.

Compression ratio of 15:2: Enhances ventilation without compromising perfusion.

Compression depth: 1/3 of chest or approximately one-half the chest's depth.

CPR begins if pulse <60 bpm with signs of poor perfusion, not at 72 bpm. Rate of 180/min is excessive; ideal rate is 100–120/min.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Hepatitis A virus is transmitted exclusively via the fecal-oral route. Ingesting contaminated food or water allows the virus to enter the digestive tract, infecting liver cells. It's often spread through poor hand hygiene or unsanitary food handling.

It is not bloodborne, unlike Hepatitis B and C. It is not commonly spread through saliva or urine.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The first step in hemorrhage control for external bleeding is always direct pressure using gloved hands or dressing. Only if this fails or the bleeding is severe and life-threatening (especially from extremities) should a tourniquet be applied.

Assessing the airway is critical in overall trauma care but not the first priority in isolated extremity hemorrhage. Severity assessment is secondary to bleeding control.

Within the Incident Command System (ICS), the Treatment Supervisor is responsible for overseeing patient care after initial triage has been completed. NREMT instruction clearly differentiates roles to prevent confusion and maintain efficiency.

Option D is correct because the treatment supervisor ensures that secondary triage is completed in the treatment area, allowing patients to be reassessed and reprioritized as their conditions change.

Option A is incorrect because triage personnel are managed by the Triage Supervisor.

Option B is the responsibility of Staging under Logistics.

Option C falls under the Transport Supervisor.

NREMT emphasizes strict role adherence during MCIs to ensure patient flow and resource coordination.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The position of the patient’s head within the aircraft affects access to airway management and crew maneuverability. If the head is oriented away from providers or toward a non-accessible bulkhead, this can delay critical interventions (airway suctioning, ventilations).

Use of air splints, maintaining oxygen saturation, or environmental humidity are not major complications relative to physical positioning and in-cabin access limitations.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The patient’s symptoms are consistent with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The first-line treatments are:

Aspirin (160–325 mg): inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing clot progression.

Oxygen: administered when SpO₂ <94% or signs of hypoxia/distress are present.

CPAP is for pulmonary edema or respiratory failure. Nitroglycerin requires BP >90 systolic and medical direction approval. Laying the patient supine may increase myocardial workload and is inappropriate unless hypotension occurs.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Negligence occurs when an EMT:

Has a duty to act

Breaches that duty (e.g., by withholding basic care like warmth)

Causes harm or risk of harm

Establishes causation

The EMT’s failure to treat the patient with respect and dignity — even if the patient improved — still constitutes negligence, especially if tied to a discriminatory or dismissive attitude.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Pulmonary edema is caused by fluid accumulation in the alveoli, impairing gas exchange. It is typically due to:

Left-sided heart failure: Blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation

Hypertensive crisis: Increases hydrostatic pressure in the lungs

Anaphylaxis causes vasodilation and bronchospasm, not fluid overload. Increased oncotic pressure would retain fluid in capillaries — the opposite of edema.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

In any unresponsive patient, the first step is to assess and open the airway to determine patency and identify obstruction or inadequate breathing.

Gasping respirations (agonal) are not effective; they require BVM ventilation support. The airway must be open before checking for a pulse or performing auscultation. A secondary assessment is performed only after primary survey and stabilization.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

This is a high-risk cardiac event due to unstable angina or possible myocardial infarction. The EMT should:

Administer oxygen if SpO₂ is <94%

Avoid nitroglycerin if systolic BP is <90 mmHg

Obtain a 12-lead ECG to identify ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and transmit it if trained and authorized

CPAP is indicated for pulmonary edema, and albuterol is for bronchospasm, neither of which applies here.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

Upon arrival, EMTs must immediately perform a scene size-up, which focuses on safety and incident management rather than patient treatment.

Option A (Identifying hazards) is correct because recognizing dangers such as traffic, fire, violence, or hazardous materials is essential to prevent responder injury.

Option E (Requesting additional resources) is correct because early recognition of the need for more personnel, ALS support, fire services, or law enforcement improves patient outcomes and scene control.

Option B is incorrect because ruling out life threats occurs during the primary assessment, not immediately upon arrival.

Option C is incorrect because patient treatment must wait until scene safety is confirmed.

Option D is incorrect because PPE use is a personal responsibility, not a primary scene-arrival task.

NREMT stresses that effective EMS operations begin with safety, situational awareness, and resource management.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

NREMT defines secondary prevention as actions taken to reduce the impact of a disease or injury after it has occurred, focusing on early intervention and harm reduction.

Option D is correct because educating the public on naloxone use does not prevent opioid addiction but reduces morbidity and mortality by reversing overdoses when they occur.

Option A and C are examples of primary prevention, which aim to prevent disease before it happens.

Option B is an operational task, not prevention.

NREMT emphasizes prevention roles as part of community paramedicine and public health integration.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Children compensate for shock through increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and vasoconstriction, which delays blood pressure drop. Therefore:

Tachycardia is often the first sign

Prolonged capillary refill (>2 seconds) is an early indicator

Tachypnea supports perfusion

Blood pressure is a late sign in pediatric shock. SpO₂ is helpful but does not specifically indicate shock. Blood glucose may be abnormal in other metabolic conditions but is not an early marker of volume loss.

START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is a triage method taught by the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians for use in mass-casualty incidents. START allows rescuers to quickly prioritize patients based on the severity of their conditions using objective criteria that can be assessed in under 60 seconds.

The correct components of the START system are Respirations, Perfusion, and Mental Status (RPM), making Option D correct. EMTs first assess whether the patient is breathing and evaluate respiratory rate. Next, perfusion is assessed by checking radial pulse or capillary refill. Finally, mental status is evaluated by determining whether the patient can follow simple commands.

Option A describes elements of a general patient assessment, not START triage.

Option B refers to the primary assessment sequence, not mass-casualty triage.

Option C lists triage categories rather than assessment components.

NREMT emphasizes START triage as a rapid, standardized approach to manage large numbers of patients efficiently while maximizing survivability.

A deposition is a formal legal proceeding in which sworn testimony is taken prior to trial. NREMT education on EMS operations, documentation, and legal responsibilities emphasizes that EMTs may be required to participate in depositions as part of civil or criminal cases involving patient care.

Option C is correct because attorneys for all involved parties are typically present during a deposition. These may include attorneys representing the plaintiff, defendant, EMS agency, or insurance providers. The EMT provides sworn testimony under oath, and the deposition may later be used in court.

Option A is incorrect because deposition testimony is admissible in court under many circumstances.

Option B is incorrect because depositions are not presided over by a judge; they are conducted by attorneys.

Option D is incorrect because exhibits such as patient care reports, protocols, or photographs may be introduced during a deposition.

NREMT stresses the importance of accurate documentation, professionalism, and honesty, as EMTs are legally accountable for their actions and statements.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Use the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to calculate:

Eye Opening (E): Opens to speech = 3

Verbal Response (V): Confused but appropriate words = 4

Motor Response (M): Obeys commands = 6Total = 3 + 4 + 6 = 13

However, the question states he opens eyes to voice, knows name (orientation to person), and follows commands — this would mean:

Eye = 3

Verbal = 5 (Oriented to person, but disoriented to place/time)

Motor = 6

Correct Total: 14

Hypovolemic shock results from acute blood loss, commonly seen with penetrating trauma such as gunshot wounds. NREMT identifies several key indicators that reflect reduced circulating volume and inadequate tissue perfusion.

Option A (Heart rate) is a strong indicator. Tachycardia (P 140) reflects the body’s attempt to compensate for reduced blood volume and maintain cardiac output.

Option B (Lung sounds) are significant in this case because absent sounds suggest associated chest trauma that may contribute to blood loss and impaired oxygenation, worsening shock.

Option C (Mental status) is a critical indicator. Unconsciousness reflects inadequate cerebral perfusion, a late and serious sign of shock.

Additional supportive findings include pale, cool skin and borderline hypotension. NREMT emphasizes early recognition of shock and rapid control of bleeding, oxygenation, and transport to definitive care.

According to NREMT guidelines and standard EMS ethics, a competent adult patient has the legal right to refuse any portion of medical care, including spinal immobilization, as long as they demonstrate decision-making capacity. In this scenario, the patient is refusing one specific intervention (the cervical collar), not transportation or overall care. Therefore, EMS providers must respect the patient’s autonomy while continuing to act in the patient’s best interest.

Option A is correct because the appropriate action is to clearly document the patient’s informed refusal of the cervical collar and continue transport. Documentation should include the patient’s mental status, orientation, explanation of risks provided, the patient’s understanding of those risks, and the patient’s explicit refusal. This protects both the patient and the EMS provider legally and ethically.

Option B is incorrect because restraining a patient to force treatment constitutes assault and battery unless the patient lacks decision-making capacity or poses an immediate danger to themselves or others. There is no indication in the question that the patient is incompetent or combative.

Option C is incorrect because the patient has not refused all care—only spinal immobilization. Abandoning care by leaving the scene would violate EMS duty to act once patient contact has been established.

Option D is incorrect because withholding transport unless the patient complies is coercive and unethical. EMS providers must not threaten or pressure patients into accepting treatment.

In summary, NREMT emphasizes patient rights, informed consent, and thorough documentation. Transporting the patient while documenting refusal of immobilization is the safest, most professional, and legally sound course of action.

NREMT medication management standards require EMTs to ensure that all medications are stored properly and are safe for administration. The presence of ice crystals indicates that a medication has frozen, which can alter its chemical stability, concentration, and effectiveness.

Option C is correct because medications that have frozen must be discarded and replaced, even if they later thaw. Freezing can cause separation of active ingredients or damage to the medication vial or syringe.

Option A is insufficient because expiration status does not address medication integrity.

Option B is incorrect because frozen medications are unsafe and should not be reused.

Option D is dangerous and explicitly prohibited, as warming does not restore medication safety.

NREMT emphasizes strict medication safety checks to prevent patient harm and ensure effective treatment.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

An externally rotated, shortened leg is a classic sign of a proximal femur fracture, specifically a femoral neck or intertrochanteric fracture, commonly seen in elderly fall patients. This presentation reflects muscle pull and fracture displacement.

Posterior hip dislocations cause internal rotation.

Pelvic fractures may cause instability but not specific leg rotation/shortening.

Colles' fracture is a distal radius (wrist) injury, unrelated to leg trauma.