NREMT EMT Dumps

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The symptoms and vital signs (wheezing, hypotension, high pulse rate, respiratory distress) are strongly indicative ofanaphylaxis, which is alife-threatening allergic reaction. Bilateral wheezing and hypotension further confirm systemic involvement. Thefirst-line treatment is intramuscular epinephrine, which:

Reverses bronchospasm (via beta-2 adrenergic effects)

Raises blood pressure (via alpha-1 vasoconstriction)

Improves airway tone and reduces mucosal edema

A metered-dose inhaler may help in mild bronchospasm but is insufficient duringanaphylactic shock. Positive pressure ventilations are a secondary measure if respiratory failure occurs. Nitroglycerin is contraindicated due to low BP.

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Dehydration signs in infantsinclude:

Poor skin turgor(elasticity)

Sunken fontanelles(indicative of fluid loss)

Delayed capillary refill(>2 seconds)

Flushed skin is more common infever or heat illness, not dehydration.Hypotension, not hypertension, is associated with dehydration in late stages.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Heat exhaustionresults from prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, leading tofluid and electrolyte loss(especially sodium and water), causinghypovolemia. This can result in:

Tachycardia

Weakness

Dizziness

Profuse sweating

Unlikeheat stroke, mental status is typically preserved in heat exhaustion. Hypertension and bradycardia are not characteristic.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

To establishnegligence, four legal elements must be proven:

Duty to act– a legal obligation to provide care.

Breach of duty– failing to meet the standard of care.

Damages– harm occurred.

Proximate causation– the breach directly caused the damage.

"Proximate causation" means the EMT’s action or inaction is closely linked to the harm suffered by the patient.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

In infants, improper insertion of an OPA (oropharyngeal airway) can stimulate the vagus nerve, leading to bradycardia or even complete airway obstruction. If cyanosis and bradycardia develop after OPA insertion, immediate removal and resumption of ventilations with a bag-valve mask is critical.

The OPA must be properly sized and inserted only in patients without a gag reflex. Ventilations alone often reverse vagally induced bradycardia.

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Thepatient’s complaint of difficulty breathingis anairway/breathing issueand takes precedence over a controlled extremity bleed. The first action is toadminister oxygenand evaluate respiratory effort.

Though reassessing the wound is important,oxygenation is the prioritywhen airway compromise or respiratory distress is present. Tourniquets are foruncontrolled bleeding, which is not the case here.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

In situations where a vehicle is tailgating an emergency unit, tapping the brakes briefly is a standard defensive driving maneuver to alert the driver behind to increase distance. It is less risky than slowing dramatically or pulling over, which could endanger crew or delay response.

Speeding up could reduce your reaction window or increase accident risk. EMS operators must follow safe driving practices per NFPA 1002 and DOT Emergency Vehicle Operation Guidelines.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Agonal respirations arenot effective breathingand can mimic gasping or snorting. They often occur incardiac arrest. However, before initiating chest compressions, the EMT mustconfirm pulselessnessby checking acarotid pulse for no more than 10 seconds(AHA 2020 BLS Guidelines).

Only after pulse confirmation (or absence) should compressions begin. Suctioning or ventilating is premature unless a pulse is found.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The patient’sexcessively high respiratory rate (RR 50),hypoxia (SpO₂ 89%), anddecreased mental status(drowsiness) indicaterespiratory failure, which is theinability to maintain oxygenation or ventilation.

Respiratory distress: Increased effort but adequate compensation

Respiratory arrest: Complete absence of breathing

Respiratory alkalosis: Possible early finding, but not a condition diagnosis

This patient is tiring and losing the ability to ventilate effectively — a hallmark of failure.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Forsuspected or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), the EMT should place asurgical mask on the patient, not a HEPA respirator. Surgical masks are used tocontain droplets from the patientand reduce airborne transmission.

The EMTshould wear aN95 or HEPA respiratorto protect against inhaling airborne particles. Notification to the CDC is not the EMT’s responsibility — that falls to public health officials.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)in a physically active person, such as a mountain climber, strongly suggests apulmonary embolism (PE), particularly due to:

Dehydration

Prolonged exertion or immobility

High altitude increasing clot risk

Symptoms may include:

Shortness of breath

Chest pain

Tachypnea

Hemoptysis

Pulmonary edemagenerally causes pink frothy sputum and is more associated with heart failure.Neoplasm (lung cancer)is possible but much less acute in onset.Spontaneous pneumothoraxcauses dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain but not typically hemoptysis.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Under HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act), only designated personnel are authorized to handle inquiries regarding a patient’s Protected Health Information (PHI). The Privacy Officer is responsible for enforcing compliance with privacy regulations and addressing PHI access requests.

Shift supervisors or hospitals do not have the legal authority to release PHI unless specifically designated.

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EMS professionals are expected to useempathetic yet clear languagewhen communicating a death. The phrase"She has passed"is bothrespectfuland commonly accepted as an appropriate way toconvey death compassionatelywithout being overly clinical or harsh.

“Died” may sound too blunt in an emotional moment, while “didn’t make it” and “at peace” can feelvague or dismissive. Clear, empathetic communication is critical for patient dignity and family support during death notifications.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

If achoking patient becomes unresponsive, EMTs should:

Check for a pulse

Begin chest compressionsif no pulse is foundChest compressions can helpdislodge the object. After compressions, the airway should be opened and inspected. Back blows are not appropriate for unconscious patients.

Ventilation is attempted after clearing the airway or if no object is seen.Do not withhold compressions waiting for object removal.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The legal concept oftort negligencein EMS requires the plaintiff to establish four elements:

Duty to act

Breach of that duty

Damages (harm caused)

Causation— a direct link between the EMT’s action/inaction and the harm caused

Causation(often termed “proximate cause”) is the essential element that connects the EMT’s breach to the patient's injury or outcome. Abandonment, assault, and false imprisonment are otherintentional torts, but not core elements of proving negligence.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

AfterROSCin an unresponsive patient, theleft lateral recumbent position(also called the recovery position) is preferred to:

Maintain an open airway

Prevent aspiration if vomiting occurs

Promote drainage of secretions

Supine or Trendelenburg positions increase the risk of aspiration. Elevating the head to 45° may reduce intracranial pressure, but it’s not standard post-ROSC care in an unresponsive patient unless airway protection is ensured.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Secondary preventionfocuses onearly detection and interventionto reduce the severity or impact of an illness or injury that has already occurred or is inevitable. Examples in EMS include:

AED deployment in public

Stroke recognition training

Early CPR

Primary preventionaims to stop the injury from occurring at all (e.g., vaccination, seatbelts). "Reactive" and "proactive" are not recognized formal categories in EMS public health strategy.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

These symptoms are classic forendometriosis, whereendometrial tissue grows outside the uterus. Symptoms often include:

Pelvic pain

Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)

Painful bowel movements or intercourse

Spontaneous abortion does not apply here due to lack of pregnancy. Premature menopause is rare at this age and presents differently. Infection is less likely in the absence of recent sexual activity or fever.